Good advice about the caulk. I had pretty much the same issue a couple of years ago—first I blamed the window itself, then the weather stripping, and finally realized it was actually the caulking around the frame. It's crazy how a tiny crack or gap can let in so much water, especially during heavy storms. Weather stripping definitely helps with those annoying drafts (and yeah, that tea kettle whistle sound—been there too, lol), but it's not really designed to block out water.
One thing I'd suggest if you haven't done it already: check above your window too. Sometimes water sneaks in higher up and travels down behind siding or trim before finding its way inside through a small gap near the window frame. A friend of mine spent forever re-caulking around his window only to find out later that the leak started from a loose piece of flashing above it. He ended up having to redo everything anyway... talk about frustrating.
The hose test is a smart idea—but like mentioned before, go easy on it. Last time I tried that trick I got carried away and blasted water everywhere. Ended up with soaked shoes and still no clue where exactly the leak was coming from.
If you're comfortable getting up close and personal with your window frames, maybe try gently pressing around the edges to see if you notice any soft spots or areas that feel loose or wiggly? Sometimes caulk can look fine at first glance but has actually separated just enough to allow water in.
Anyway, good luck figuring this out. Window leaks are sneaky little buggers...